International Business Country Analysis China Essay Example

Global Business Country Analysis: China Essay At 9.6 million square kilometers, China is probably the greatest nation on the planet. It contains the universes greatest city, Shanghai, and is administered from the capital of Beijing in the east. China has been the universes most crowded nation for quite a long time and it makes up one-fifth of the universes all out populace. Over 1.3 billion individuals live in China, which makes each five individuals on the planet Chinese. China is the area of the most unprecedented monetary, social and political change within recent memory. Nonetheless, it is a country that keeps on battling with its gigantic populace, a stressed situation, and an inconsistent circulation of riches and opportunity. This paper will cover inside and out regions that clarifies the explanations behind Chinas low richness rate and how this guarantees quick populace maturing in this century, how open markets and exchange have extend pay and wellbeing holes, and how strategy changes and financial development have prod ded work movement in China and how its pulled on the planets consideration. Foundation and Cultural Environment In spite of the fact that there is a confusion that China and its 1.3 billion individuals have a typical culture, China is one of the most different nations on the planet. Chinas rich social condition is significant for remote organizations to comprehend and consider to guarantee productive business in China. In China and numerous different nations, culture assumes a huge job in how business is completed with household or remote organizations. Regardless of whether it is the numerous tongues that the Chinese individuals talk or the best possible decorum to use with Chinese businesspeople and ladies, outside organizations are tested to quickly absorb as their very own Chinese organization. We will compose a custom exposition test on International Business Country Analysis: China explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on International Business Country Analysis: China explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on International Business Country Analysis: China explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer By a wide margin the biggest social obstruction for remote organizations to jump is the Chinese language and its numerous vernaculars. The Chinese individuals talk seven unique lingos across twenty-three regions, five self-sufficient locales, and four districts. Mandarin is the overwhelming lingo of the Chinese individuals and is spoken by more than 70% of the populace. Mandarin itself has eight unique tongues of its own, spread over the areas of China. It is no big surprise why numerous organizations take a stab at workers familiar with Chinese vernacular, particularly Mandarin. China is likewise wealthy in nationalities among its kin. The Han individuals represent 91.9% of the populace, while the other 8.1% record for fifty-five different nationalities. Organizations must comprehend the essential contrasts among the Chinese individuals to flourish from Chinas developing economy. Social contrasts between the Chinese and the remainder of the world are much increasingly present in the practices of the Chinese individuals. For instance: it is normal practice for blessing giving among colleagues, yet in China a clock ought to never be given since checks speak to death in Chinese culture. Likewise, being on schedule and having arrangements are some other significant realities that outside organizations must think about. There are various practices and correspondence rehearses that organizations must investigation so as to thrive in China. Having the information and abilities to easily execute remote business will ensure proceeded with associations with Chinas developing markets. Chinas Politics, Economic and Legal Condition, and Geography China has made some amazing progress to be the force to be reckoned with that it is today. It is the universes third biggest nation and unquestionably the most crowded. The land is assorted comprising of rainforests, mountains, valleys and levels and comparatively has totally different atmospheres. The nation fringes fourteen different nations and is part into various areas. (Geology of China) Now known as the Peoples Republic of China, the countrys lawful cosmetics is established in old culture and convictions going back to Confucian lessons, (Legal History of China). Confucius lessons expressed, man was naturally abhorrent and must be constrained by severe standards of law and uniform equity, (Legal History of China). Chinese law presently has created to some degree because of the globalization of business sectors and the developing economy. Laws have been made to uphold rules and guidelines just as ensuring Chinas ventures. (Lawful History of China). Working together in China is vastly different than working together in the United States or other western nations. When meeting with Chinese specialists recall that their way of life is entirely different than our own. In China the business matter comes next to the individual. To the Chinese specialist setting aside the effort to shape enduring connections is vital. The connections possibly could outlast the business. Having connections in another nation additionally causes the American agent to arrange. Another distinction is the manner in which they esteem time. Here it appears that we hold taking care of business to be the primary goal. They are unquestionably increasingly liberal in their time the board, and the time it takes to work together is immaterial. It is essential to know the intricate details of your business before working together in China. They make certain to consider your business before you show up, and you should do likewise. Having information and investigating their strategic approaches and the job they have in the network is an unquestionable requirement before plunking down with them. Your accomplice should likewise have a similar degree of information; on the off chance that they seem feeble to the Chinese possibilities are that that would imply the finish of any business attempt. To make gatherings run easily it is suggested that all materials be converted into both Chinese and English. On the off chance that you decide to have a mediator, present him/her with the materials before meeting with the Chinese organization. (Chinese Etiquette) The Chinese economy has changed incredibly from the total socialist control during the 1950s. Chinas economys progress is expected to some extent to their Five Year Plans which are a progression of monetary arranging and objective setting normal for socialist governments. (China and the First Five Year Plan). Though the administration controlled all parts of the economy before the nation has moved into another period that has been known as a communist market economy ordered by concentrating on modernization and improving the personal satisfaction all through China, (Economy). The fast development of the countrys economy has lead to it turning into a significant world financial force. Nonetheless, this development has accompanied numerous issues the nation currently faces. Because of the mind-boggling populace and its maturing populace the nation is still moderately poor when it come to per capita terms, (Chinas Economy). Albeit quickly developing the nation has given the nation chall enges that China must face on the off chance that it needs to have the universes biggest economy, (CIA World). China must figure out how to increase new participants to the work power and right for the natural harm that the quick development has caused. Prospect as a Trading Partner, Government Policies for Global Trade, Direction and Terms of Trade, Furthermore, Foreign Direct Investment for China China would be an extraordinary possibility for an exchanging accomplice. With the various exchanging openings, a potential exchanging accomplice will without a doubt benefit. Chinas monetary changes have acquainted the economy with global exchange and speculations. As noted in an article in the International Monetary Fund, Chinas expanding coordination with the worldwide economy has added to continued development in universal exchange. Presently, it is one of the quickest developing economies on the planet! China is the United States third biggest broker and is one of the biggest Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) beneficiaries. As indicated by an article from The China Business Review, the United States fares to China have hit another high. It has been said that during the most recent seven years, fares to China have flooded significantly, besting $65 billion a year ago (2007). You may see that the store retires in the United States are flooding with items that are made by the Chinese. As expressed before, China is the United States third biggest merchant. This is a result of numerous reasons. To begin with, the exchange advancement that followed Chinas passage into the WTO (World Trade Organization) was a key quality. Another noteworthy rationale is that Chinas money, which is known as the renminbi, has acknowledged about 20% against the US dollar since the time of 2005. That makes U.S. trades less expensive for merchants and purchasers. China keeps on developing quickly. Their imports and fares have become quicker than world exchange for more than twenty years. Chinas portion of fares to modern economies has expanded and has gotten increasingly differentiated. They have gotten essential to territorial economies as a result of their fares. Chinas enhancement has made them gotten significant inside the Asian economy. Accordingly, Chinas global exchange has swelled dynamically since the opening of the economy in 1979. Broadening has improved Chinas trading. In the mid 1990s, items, for example, footwear, garments, and toys represented over 40% of their fares. Today, the greater part of their fares incorporate hardware, for example, office machines and computerized information preparing gear, media communications and sound hardware, electrical apparatus, furniture, travel merchandise, and modern supplies. Similarly as Chinas trading is essential, their bringing in is urgent also. Chinas exchange has grown quickly with imports from practically all exchanging accomplices. They are the third biggest merchant of creating nation sends out after the United States and the European

A Single American Nation essay

A Single American Nation paper A Single American Nation paper A Single American Nation essayThe advancement and achievement of the Civil Rights Movement changed American culture and American country. The Civil Rights Movement affected the course of the political history of the United States (Beacham et al., 2004). The development was driven by various components, yet the dark religion assumed critical job in its turn of events. In addition, the Civil Rights Movement picked up progress because of viable human rights activities which changed the improvement of American culture. For instance, the Civil Rights Movement activities were planned for upsetting racial isolation over the United States, African-American disfranchisement, expanding the pride and personality level of dark individuals, advancing political, social and financial chances, and so forth. (The pattern of poverty†: Mexican-American transient farmworkers affirm before Congress, 1969). The Civil Rights Movement neglected to accomplish the accompanying targets to advance integra tion of places of worship, locate the best possible answers for monetary difficulties of African Americans, take care of urban issues, and different destinations. The methodologies of Martin Luther King Jr, and Malcom X to Civil Rights were unique. Martin Luther King Jr advanced the possibility of peacefulness, while Malcom X didn't put stock in the viability of peacefulness. Malcom X accepted that African Americans ought to be prepared to retaliate if their activities would be halted. In any case, the methodologies of Martin Luther King Jr and Malcom X to Civil Rights were the equivalent in the general way of thinking of the Civil Rights Movement. Such huge numbers of new developments rose before the finish of the 1960s due to impressive changes in political, financial and social improvement of the nation. For instance, ladies battled for uniformity. Despite the fact that The Equal Pay Act of 1963 ensured equivalent compensation for equivalent work, ladies  as a class was still à ¢â‚¬Å"at the base of the monetary totem pole† due to â€Å"their double exploitation by race and sex-based discrimination†  (â€Å"The base of the financial totem pole†: African American ladies in the work environment, 1962). By and large, the Civil Rights Movement impacted the development of developments focused on hostile to segregation rehearses. The American country was pretty much separated in 1970 than it had been in 1950 in light of the impacts of the Civil Rights Movement, remembering changes for American political and monetary life, international strategy and the media.

The Warning Signs of Conduct Disorder in Children

The Warning Signs of Conduct Disorder in Children Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Warning Signs of Conduct Disorder in Children By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 12, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 13, 2019  Image Source / Image Source / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Signs of Conduct Disorder Types of Conduct Disorder Impaired Functioning Potential Causes Comorbid Conditions Diagnosis Treatments View All Back To Top Conduct disorder in children goes beyond bad behavior. It is a  diagnosable mental health condition  that is characterized by patterns of violating societal norms and the rights of others. Its estimated that between 1 and 4 percent of 9 to 17-year-olds have conduct disorder. It is more prevalent in boys than in girls. Its important for kids with conduct disorder to get professional treatment. Recognizing the early warning signs can help you take appropriate action. Signs of Conduct Disorder Conduct disorder extends beyond normal teenage rebellion. It involves serious behavior problems that are likely to raise alarm among teachers, parents, peers, and other adults. In order to qualify for a diagnosis of conduct disorder, children must exhibit at least three of these symptoms in the past year and at least one in the past six months: Aggression Toward People and Animals Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates othersOften initiates physical fightsHas used a weapon that could cause serious harmPhysical cruelty to peoplePhysical cruelty to animalsStealing while confronting a victimForced sexual activity Property Destruction Deliberate fire settingOther destruction of property Deceptiveness or Theft Breaking or entering a house, car or buildingLying for personal gainStealing without confronting the victim (such as shoplifting) Serious Rule Violation Staying out at night or being truant before the age of 13 yearsHas run away from home overnight at least twiceIs often truant from school, beginning before the age of 13 Types of Conduct Disorder The DSM-5, which is used to diagnose mental illnesses, distinguishes between conduct disorder with or without limited prosocial emotions. Individuals with limited prosocial emotions are characterized by a lack of remorse, are callous, and lack empathy. They are unconcerned about their performance at school or work and have shallow emotions. When present, their emotional expressions may be used to manipulate others. Conduct Disorder Impairs a Child’s Functioning Conduct disorder isnt just a challenge for caregiversâ€"it actually impairs a childs ability to function.  Children with conduct disorder misbehave so much that their education is affected.  They usually receive frequent disciplinary action from teachers and may be truant.  Children with conduct disorder may be at a higher risk of failure or dropping out of school.   Children with conduct disorder also  have poor relationships. They struggle to develop and maintain friendships. Their relationships with family members usually suffer due to the severity of their behavior. Adolescents with conduct disorder are also more likely to have legal problems. Substance abuse, violent behavior, and a disregard for the law may lead to incarceration. They may also be at a higher risk of sexually transmitted infections. Studies show teens with conduct disorder are more likely to have multiple sexual partners and they are less likely to use protection. Potential Causes of Conduct Disorder Researchers aren’t exactly sure why some children develop conduct disorder. There are likely a variety of biological, psychological and social factors involved. Quite often, those factors overlap. Here are several factors that may play a role: Brain abnormalities: Neuroimaging studies suggest children with conduct disorder may have some functional abnormalities in certain regions of the brain. The pre-frontal cortex (which affects judgment) and the limbic system (which affects emotional responses) may be impaired.Genetics: Studies suggest anti-social behavior is about 50 percent inheritable. Researchers aren’t sure what genetic components contribute to conduct disorder.Social issues â€" Poverty, disorganized neighborhoods, poor schools, family breakdown, parental psychopathology, harsh parenting, and inadequate supervision are all strongly correlates of conduct disorder.Cognitive deficits: Low IQ, poor verbal skills, and impairment in executive functioning may make children more vulnerable to conduct disorder. Oppositional Defiant Disorder as a Precursor to Conduct Disorder Some children with oppositional defiant disorder go on to develop conduct disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder is a  behavior disorder  that involves a pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentativeness and defiance, and vindictiveness. Without effective treatment, oppositional defiant disorder may progress into conduct disorder as a child ages. Common Comorbid Conditions Many children with conduct disorder have other mental health issues or cognitive impairments. Here are the most common comorbid conditions: ADHDSelf-harmSubstance misuseDepression and anxietyPosttraumatic stress disorderLearning disability Children with conduct disorder may be more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder later in life. How Conduct Disorder Is Diagnosed Conduct disorder in children can be  diagnosed by a mental health professional or a physician. Often, a diagnosis is made after attempts to remedy behavior problems at school and at home are ineffective. A professional may interview the child, review records, and request parents and teacher complete questionnaires about the child’s behavior. Psychological testing and other assessment tools may be used to evaluate a child for conduct disorder. Treatments Treatment for conduct disorder depends on several factors, such as a child’s age and the severity of behavior problems. The most common treatment methods include: Psychotherapy: Individual therapy  may be helpful when a child could benefit from learning new skills, such as anger management and impulse control.Parent training: Treatment often involves caregivers and parents. Parents may be taught behavior management strategies and techniques to increase safety in the home if a child is aggressive or violent.Family therapy: Parents, siblings, and other family members may be invited to attend therapy with the child. Sometimes, improving the relationship between parents and a child may improve family interactions.Residential placement: In cases where a child or adolescents  behavior has become out of control, a residential placement may be necessary to keep everyone safe. A therapeutic environment may address substance abuse issues, sexualized behavior, or violence.Medication: There isn’t a medication that treats conduct disorder. But sometimes a doctor may prescribe medication to treat the disorders symptoms or to address other underlying menta l illness. Early intervention is the key to getting the most effective treatment, so it’s important for parents, educators, and physicians to be aware of the signs of conduct disorder in children so that appropriate referrals and interventions can be put into place. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Leadership Theories Transformational Leadership Essay

Describe the role of leadership types within teams. What are some of the primary reasons teams fail? What can be done to ensure team success? Give a personal example of team success. Support your discussion with appropriate leadership theories that apply. Transformational Leadership can play a role in creating a successful team. It can also be the process that changes and transforms people dealing with emotions, values, ethics, and standards. Transformational Leadership is the process whereby a person engages others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower (Northhouse , 186). This applies to a team because you always have to be able to connect and motivate others†¦show more content†¦Communication is the key to success. A team without communication could never be successful. Communication is important because the group needs a clear goal and also they need to have shared objectives. For example, in footb all a defense needs to be on the same page; if two players on the defense are on different pages then the defense will not be successful. You need everyone to share the same objective in order to succeed, not just a few people but all as one. To ensure a team’s success, everyone on the team has to be accountable. Everyone has a job on the team to contribute to becoming successful as a whole. Also you need trust in order to become successful; you have to be able to trust in your team that they will give their all for the team. Compare and contrast at least three major theories of leadership, fully describing the major elements of each. Your response should include your analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each model, including how they might apply in actual situations. The three types of leadership I will be comparing are Transformational, Servant, and also Authentic leadership. Authentic leaders are self-actualized individuals who are aware of their strengths, their limitations, and their emotions. They also show their real selves to their followers. They also don’t hide their mistakes or weaknesses out of fear of looking weak. Authentic leaders are able to put the mission and the goals of the organization ahead of theirShow MoreRelatedTransformational Leadership And Authentic Leadership Theories1598 Words   |  7 PagesTheories Out of all the different leadership theories I learned about this semester I really feel that I best relate to transformational leadership and authentic leadership theories. During the development of my personal theory I found that these theories tended to list many similar traits, and values that aligned with my own. Additionally, both authentic and transformative theories place a significant amount of emphasis on the relationship between the leader and her/his followers. The success andRead MoreThe Leadership Theory And Transformational Theory1482 Words   |  6 Pagesexecutive, it is important to know these traits and leadership styles in order to be successful in the business and medical world. There are a number of different leadership theories, models, and styles that could be useful towards becoming a successful leader. The situational theory, contingency theory, and transformational theory are the three leadership theories that stand out the most to me. As a future healt hcare executive, shadowing these leadership approaches will help me become the successfulRead MoreLeadership Theories/ Approaches (Situational and Transformational Leadership)2362 Words   |  10 Pagescome to people on this is to achieve Leadership but to be able to do it, it is imperative to understand its meaning, its strengths, its weaknesses and all concepts that may help individuals and organizations to approach it in their modern world. Thanks to these needs, many researchers have been looking for answers and ways to represent what is leadership significance. The purpose of this essay is to analyze and discuss two theories/approaches of leadership, in order to gain a better understandingRead MoreLeadership Theory, Transformational, And Transactional Theory2421 Words   |  10 Pages Leadership Theories Unit 3 PSF8603 - Management and Leadership Theory Instructor Steven Kline Capella University Ann-Marie Cameron Introduction There are a few leadership theories, but for this research I will only focus on four of these theories. The theories that will be discussed are Situational leadership theory, Contingency theory, Transformational, and Transactional theory. The theory Transformational is pondered by several to be the theory improvement for transactional leadershipRead MoreThe Theory Of Transformational Leadership Perspective And Parenting Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesThis literature investigates leadership theories to gain a clearer image and pathway definition of the relationship between leaders and followers, and in doing so we uncover the extent of the effect this relationship has on the whole organisation. Consequently, the essay explores the theory of transformational leadership perspective and parenting. Therefore, a leader in many ways can be portrayed as a parent because transformational leadership is not just about right now but rather about rightRead MoreSituational Leadership Theory, T ransformational, And Transactional Theory2386 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction There are a few leadership theories, but for this research I will only on four of these. The theories that will be discussed are Situational leadership theory, Contingency theory, Transformational, and Transactional theory. The theory Transformational is pondered by several to be the theory improvement for transactional leadership theory, and it appears to have a cumulative number of research studies that are supporting the benefits of this theory. So, I will also compare and discussRead MoreTransformational Leadership And Leadership Theory Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesTransformational Leadership Theory was introduced in 1978 by political sociologist James Mac Gregor Burns and expanded by industrial psychologist Dr. Bernard Bass. In this theory, Burns differentiated two styles of leadership: transformational leadership and transactional leadership. In transformational leadership, it is a process where both the leaders and the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transfo rmational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help themRead MoreLeadership Theories : Transformational Leadership2251 Words   |  10 Pagesfrom the different theories of Leadership, I found Transformational Leadership the best theory to identify with. Before going further with this theory, I want to state the most accurate Leadership definition for me. Leadership is a development of social influence and an exchange of values, behaviors, and power delegation between leaders and followers, where leaders maximizes efforts of the followers to achieve a collective goal (Kruse, 2013). Moreover, Scholars has divided leadership into different areasRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Transformational Leadership4045 Words   |  17 PagesA1. Leadership Theories As the CEO of Zappos.com, an online retailer that specializes in the sale of shoes, Tony Hsieh has seen the company grow from a struggling start up to a billion dollar business. Because of his leadership, Zappos.com was listed as 86 on Fortune Magazine’s list of best companies to work for in 2015. Hsieh’s method of leadership was analyzed against the common theories of leadership and it was found that transformational leadership was the most closely aligned with Hsieh’s approachRead MoreThe Theory Of Transformational Leadership Essay3267 Words   |  14 PagesBass (Bass Steidlmeier, 1999) condenses many of the criticisms of transformational leaders, stating that they risk succumbing to the temptation of self-promotion, since the process sometimes revolves around impression management, or controlling the flow of information to influence people’s perceptions. He purports that this is incompatible to the maturation of collaboration, consensus-building and participative decision-making, and adds that self-promotion and a focus on self-interests can shift

Wordiness Definition and Examples

The Brightest Of Her Age - 1234 Words

The Brightest of Her Age: How Author JK Rowling Triumphed Over Poverty, Depression, and Became one of the Most Successful Authors in History Before Harry Potter was a best-selling novel, with a multimillion dollar business, a theme park, and several movies to its name, The Boy Who Lived was no more than an a couple of sentences, scribbled between the pages of a notebook. Long before her rise to fame, J.K. Rowling, author of history’s best-selling fantasy series, spent several years in as a single mother fighting her way out of poverty. Within the span of five years, Rowling went from relative poverty, to the world’s first, and only, billionaire who made her fortune from selling books. Hers is the literal rags to riches story. However, her tragic past hasn’t hindered Rowling in the slightest. In addition to publishing seven books in the Harry Potter series, two crime novels, and several tie-ins that expand the magical world of Harry Potter, Rowling has become an active philanthropist. It may seem odd, or even strange, for Healthy Aging to use a fantasy author as the cover for our magazine. However, Rowling’s actions are exactly why Healthy Aging chose her for this month’s cover. Rowling’s determination, her resilience, and her activism are qualities every single one of us can aspire to. The Brightest of Her Age Born in Yate, Glouchester to an air craft engineer and a science technician, Rowling’s early life was a happy one. She attended St. Michael’s Primary school, andShow MoreRelatedThe Art Of Judith Beheading Holofernes By Caravaggio815 Words   |  4 PagesIn the year of 1571, Caravaggio was born in Italy. At age 11, Caravaggio was orphaned, luckily he was apprenticed with a painter in Milan. His work became popular when he moved to Rome. Caravaggios work became popular for the â€Å"tenebrism technique he used, which used shadow to emphasize lighter areas† (â€Å"Caravaggio†). This painting tells a biblical story about Judith Beheading Holofernes. In the picture, Judith is the women in the middle that is about to behead Holofernes, the man lying on the bedRead MoreThe, The And Of The Shepherds, Jacob Jordaens, 1657, And The Feast Of Esther1104 Words   |  5 Pagesslightly brighter colors. Thick brushstrokes are employed in the more detailed places, while in other areas the linear technique can be observed. In 1607, the child prodigy Jan Lievens was born in Leiden, Netherlands. He was an apprentice painter by the age of eight and later worked with Rembrandt. Some of his work, specifically The Feast of Esther, was formerly attributed to Rembrandt. While he was alive, he was recognized as a great painter, but after his death, he was overshadowed by Rembrandt. TheRead MoreStrategic Hr Planning at Google Inc1092 Words   |  5 Pagesmentioned benefits lead to employee’s satisfaction and motivation, and ultimately motivated and satisfied employees become more productive for the organization. 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Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht Essay Example For Students

Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht Essay Khalia Frazier 11/18/13 Work used: Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht Reflective statement: how was your understanding of cultural and contextual considerations of the work developed through the interactive oral? In Mother Courage and Her Children the aspects of familial ties versus greed and the effect of war on humanity were explored using the technique of epic theater. In an attempt to further remove the emotional ties Brecht set his play during the Thirty Years War instead of WWII which was happening at the time, he wanted to remove all emotion and cause the audience to view his characters from an analytical standpoint so they could draw their own conclusion of the characters motives. Epic theater is a style of acting in which one makes sure that the audience is aware at all times that they are viewing a show and not real life. This method was used in the writing and producing of Mother Courage so that one could critically analyze the actions of a character instead of their words. This was done by having the actors read stage directions, turn their backs to the audience, and many other methods. The emotions that Brecht sought to exorcise were still present however, because of the deaths and other tragic events that occurred throughout the play. In almost all cultures women are seen as caregivers and protectors but Mother Courage was the exact opposite of this stereotype. She was driven by greed to do things which caused horrible fates to fall upon her children and moved from man to an, resulting in none of her children sharing the same paternal background. This could be due to the fact that Brecht himself had very little regard for womens feelings, Jumping from mistress to mistress while he was still married. Also Brecht was not around to support his children, which couldVe led to mother courages nonchalant attitude towards the wellbeing of her offspring. Although Brecht did not want it to, WWII had a very large impact on the way Mother Courage was received by audiences at the time. Brecht was strongly opposed to war and this was very obvious in the way he portrayed army leaders such as the general. The general was seen as a dimwitted man who applauded mindless violence but exuded cowardice himself. He symbolized the idiocy of war and those who believed in it. The deaths of Swiss Cheese and Kattrin both stemmed from their mothers greed along with the murder of Ellif; they were all results of the war showing that nothing good can come of it. Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht By Thelittlestoreo

Neutrality and Racism free essay sample

As children were taught to never fight back when a classmate steals a beloved smack time treat or retaliate when they take our cubby. And as we continue to grow older, were constantly reminded to turn the other cheek when someone is spiteful towards us- after all, forgiveness and love is considered to be of utmost importance according to the word of God. However, while remaining neutral to situations may avoid conflict and confrontation, it also leaves us undecided and apathetic towards any remote yearn for change. By not demanding change, we are allowing unacceptable behavior to continue. With historical events such as the civil rights movement and current events such as bullying, neutrality sets a limit on human capability for improvement and understanding. Change is spearheaded by a shift in mindset rather than staying neutral to the norm. And in order to change someones mindset, we must be wholly determined ourselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Neutrality and Racism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the famous words of Martin Luther Kings, I have a dream speech, we can feel his burning desire to inspire the American people. Although King refused to remain neutral to the treatment towards people of color, he always advocated nonviolent protests. Through pleas of judging someone on their character rather than their skin tone, he urged America to end lynching, grant everyone full, equal, and promised rights, and grant well deserved tolerance of race. If King and other activists such as Malcolm X and Rosa Parks chose to remain neutral to their maltreatment, the United States very well may have been stuck in the same 1950s mentality for years to come. These African American leading figures prove the point being made- identifying and finding solutions are necessary to move forward. Staying neutral, in essence, means we are condoning the inappropriate behavior or actions being done. Currently in the 21st century, technology is becoming a vital role in our everyday lives. However, with new ways of technology and outbursts of social media, a new trend has been created- cyber bullying. Granted the security of a monitor and the comfort of an office chair, millions of online users are using the internet as an outlet to bully others. When we are online and see this type of behavior, often found in forms of curse words or appearance jokes, we are often following the bystander effect and staying neutral to these acts of hatred. By being a bystander, we are not taking the initiative to stop this bullying, therefor not instilling a need for change. Thankfully, organizations such as stopit and endbullying have taken it upon themselves to find solutions to this ongoing and severe problem. Bullying online leads to thousands of suicides, specifically in teenagers. Staying neutral to this situation may mean one life wasted; and by trying to end bullying may mean hundred of lives saved. Looking from history to modern day issues, remaining neutral is almost never an effective route. By remaining neutral we limit our capability to really understand and accept others. Awareness and being proactive is key to an improved world. Neutrality and Racism free essay sample As children were taught to never fight back when a classmate steals a beloved smack time treat or retaliate when they take our cubby. And as we continue to grow older, were constantly reminded to turn the other cheek when someone is spiteful towards us- after all, forgiveness and love is considered to be of utmost importance according to the word of God. However, while remaining neutral to situations may avoid conflict and confrontation, it also leaves us undecided and apathetic towards any remote yearn for change. By not demanding change, we are allowing unacceptable behavior to continue. With historical events such as the civil rights movement and current events such as bullying, neutrality sets a limit on human capability for improvement and understanding. Change is spearheaded by a shift in mindset rather than staying neutral to the norm. And in order to change someones mindset, we must be wholly determined ourselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Neutrality and Racism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the famous words of Martin Luther Kings, I have a dream speech, we can feel his burning desire to inspire the American people. Although King refused to remain neutral to the treatment towards people of color, he always advocated nonviolent protests. Through pleas of judging someone on their character rather than their skin tone, he urged America to end lynching, grant everyone full, equal, and promised rights, and grant well deserved tolerance of race. If King and other activists such as Malcolm X and Rosa Parks chose to remain neutral to their maltreatment, the United States very well may have been stuck in the same 1950s mentality for years to come. These African American leading figures prove the point being made- identifying and finding solutions are necessary to move forward. Staying neutral, in essence, means we are condoning the inappropriate behavior or actions being done. Currently in the 21st century, technology is becoming a vital role in our everyday lives. However, with new ways of technology and outbursts of social media, a new trend has been created- cyber bullying. Granted the security of a monitor and the comfort of an office chair, millions of online users are using the internet as an outlet to bully others. When we are online and see this type of behavior, often found in forms of curse words or appearance jokes, we are often following the bystander effect and staying neutral to these acts of hatred. By being a bystander, we are not taking the initiative to stop this bullying, therefor not instilling a need for change. Thankfully, organizations such as stopit and endbullying have taken it upon themselves to find solutions to this ongoing and severe problem. Bullying online leads to thousands of suicides, specifically in teenagers. Staying neutral to this situation may mean one life wasted; and by trying to end bullying may mean hundred of lives saved. Looking from history to modern day issues, remaining neutral is almost never an effective route. By remaining neutral we limit our capability to really understand and accept others. Awareness and being proactive is key to an improved world.

Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations

Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Free Online Research Papers Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations The Federal Reserve Board uses tools to control the money supply in the United States, which are open-market operations, the reserve ratio, and the discount rate. These tools influence the money supply and affect macroeconomic factors, which I will discuss in detail. I will also explain how money is created in a macroeconomic system, and recommend monetary policy combinations to best achieve a balance between economic growth, low inflation, and a reasonable rate of unemployment. Feds Tools of Monetary Control The Fed has three tools that are used for monetary control in altering the reserves of commercial banks. The money supply is the total amount of currency plus deposits held by the public. These tools can alter economic growth, change the rate of inflation, the level of employment, and adjust the exchange rate, by expansionary or contractionary monetary policy. Open-Market Operations The amount of money circulating in the economy can be adjusted through open-market operations, specifically with selling and purchasing of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities bonds in the bond market. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) will decide on a short-term objective for open market operations. This objective can be a chosen quantity of reserves, or a desired price (federal funds rate). The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks lend balances at the Federal Reserve to other depository institutions overnight. †If the Fed believes that the economy is overheating (if the supply of money is outpacing production of goods), it will raise interest rates and bring money supply down to what it perceives to be the â€Å"equilibrium† level. With the same thought, if the Fed believes economic growth is outpacing money supply (causing deflation/less inflation), it will reduce interest rates. When interest rates are lower, it’s che aper for individuals to take out loans to start new businesses or buy goods and services. This also discourages them from keeping their money in a bank account, because they would make less interest† (NematNejad, 2007). The open-market operation is considered the most common tool used by the Fed, because bonds are bought and sold every week day in New York City. The Reserve Ratio The Fed has control over the reserve ratio, which determines the lending ability of commercial banks. The reserve ratio stipulates how much a bank is required to keep in reserves relative to what is in deposits. If a bank has a reserve ratio of 15%, the required reserve on $10 million in deposits is $1.5 million. The required reserve ratio is dictated to be certain banks do run out of cash on hand to meet the demand for withdrawals. The money not required in be on hand is then loaned out to customers, which in turn, increases the money supply. The Discount Rate The Federal Reserve Bank is a lender of money to commercial banks. When commercial banks borrow from the district central bank with a promissory note, the interest charged is referred to as the discount rate. The borrowed money will then increase the commercial bank’s reserve, which increases their lending ability. The discount rate is determined by the Fed, and this will be the cost of attaining the reserves. If the Fed were to lower the discount rate, more commercial banks would be inclined to borrow to obtain additional reserves, which would lead to more money in the economy. The same works in reverse for decreasing the money supply. Creation of Money Using the tools previously identified, the Fed can increase the supply of money, in other words, create money. During a period of expansionary monetary policy, decreasing the reserve ratio will result in more money commercial banks are able to lend to customers. By lowering the discount rate, the Federal Reserve Bank will lend more money to commercial banks. With commercial banks increasing reserves, the amount available for lending increases, which results in increases in the money supply. The open-market operation of buying and selling of government bonds is the most commonly used tool the Federal Reserve Bank uses to create money. If the economy is showing signs of recession and unemployment, the Fed will buy securities to increase commercial bank reserves. By increasing the commercial bank reserves, as previously discussed, the lending of the reserves will result in the creation of money. The goals of reaching low inflation, economic growth and a reasonable rate of inflation may sometimes conflict with one another. â€Å"One kind of conflict involves deciding which goal should take precedence at any point in time. For example, suppose theres a recession and the Fed works to prevent employment losses from being too severe; this short-run success could turn into a long-run problem if monetary policy remains expansionary too long, because that could trigger inflationary pressures. So its important for the Fed to find the balance between its short-run goal of stabilization and its longer-run goal of maintaining low inflation† (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2004). Recommended Monetary Policy Monetary policy has become the policy of choice when determining the levels of the money supply. The advantages over fiscal policy are the speed and flexibility, and the isolation from political pressure (McConnell and Brue, 2004). Using the open-market operation, the Fed can purchase or sell government securities daily to affect the money supply and interest rates without much delay. Working in combination with reserve requirements, and discount rates, the Federal Reserve Bank can manipulate the application of monetary policy to achieve a balance between economic growth, low inflation, and a reasonable rate of inflation. The easy money policy was applied to the recession of 1990. The decision to increase the supply of money increased the aggregate demand which resulted in the use of inactive resources. The decision to increase the money supply may have an adverse effect on the economy; excessive spending. Overactive spending may lead to an inflationary economy, which is remedied by selling securities, increasing the required reserve ratio, and raising the discount rate offered to commercial banks. The policy incorporating these actions is called a tight money policy. The reason for a tight money policy is to decrease spending and control inflation. To achieve an environment of a stable economy, finding the balance between easy and tight money policies is crucial. A quote from Milton Friedman (1968) states The first and most important lesson that history teaches about what monetary policy can do and it is a lesson of the most profound importance is that monetary policy can prevent money itself from being a major source of economic disturbance. Managerial Decision Making In the University of Phoenix simulation (2008), scenarios are presented to students regarding monetary policy. The student is allowed to make decisions which affect the Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, and unemployment levels. In the first scenario, global developments have caused the economy to sag, and industrial production to slow. Although inflation looks to be under control, the Real GDP is falling, and unemployment is on the rise. The solution to this scenario can be a combination of increasing the Discount Rate (DR) Federal Funds Rate (FFR) percentage spread, raising the reserve ratio slightly, and selling approximately $750 million in government securities. The results of my choices were almost a 1% increase in the Real GDP, a tenth of a percent rise in inflation, and a 0.8% drop in unemployment. By selling securities, the supply of money goes up, along with inflation. The unemployment rate does the opposite of Real GDP. If investment and spending rises, demand rises, therefore, increasing the opportunities in the workforce. Unemployment will decrease with the rise of the Real GDP. Ideas from the simulation on how to use monetary policy tools of discount rate, reserve ratio, and open-market operations helps me understand how the supply of money is controlled. Conclusion The three tools of monetary policy include the open-market operations, the required reserve ratio, and the discount rate. Together, these tools will be applied to either expansionary or contractionary policy during times of recession or growth. The policies will influence those who can create money. As the Fed lowers the required reserve ratio, banks have more flexibility when lending money. Lowering the discount rate allows commercial banks to borrow more from the Federal Reserve Bank, which also increases the availability of money for lending. But the most commonly used tool is the open-market operation, where the government sells and buys securities to increase commercial bank reserves. The tool is used every day of the week. Monetary policy is the policy of choice, with its speed and flexibility, and separation from political pressure. The Fed can act quickly to respond to inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. References Brue, S.L., McConnell, C.R. (2004). Economics: Principles, Problems and Policies, 16e. The McGraw-Hill Companies Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. (2004). About the fed. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/monetary/goals.html Friedman, Milton, The Role of Monetary Policy, American Economic Review, 1968: p.12. NematNejad, A. (2007). Best way to invest. Monetary policy. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from bestwaytoinvest.com/monetary-policy. University of Phoenix, (2008). Economics for managerial decision making [Computer Software]. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Simulation, MBA501-Forces Influencing Business in the 21st Century Web site. Research Papers on Macroeconomic Impact on Business OperationsTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part One Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Free Online Research Papers Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Monetary policy is a strategy that is used by the federal government to influence the economy. Having monetary authority allows the government to control the supply and availability of money (Federal Reserve, 2009). Along with the monetary policy, political objectives have a strong influence on the economy and its growth. The main goal of our government is to implement â€Å"macroeconomic stability†, which includes low unemployment, low inflation, and steady economic growth (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). This paper will discuss how money is created, and how factors such as GDP, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment are affect by the monetary policy. Money creation is a tool that is used to produce or issue money. The process of money creation takes place in three ways. The first step is by manufacturing and distributing paper currency or metal coins. Second, money is distributed through debt, lending, and government policies. The regulation, production, and the redemption of money are regulated through the Federal Reserve (Federal Reserve, 2009). The Federal Reserve determines the operation of financial markets and the purchasing power of money throughout the U.S. economy. Within the Federal Reserve is the regional bank, which in turn measures the money supply. These regional banks within the Federal Reserve are private banks that control the issuance of â€Å"debt-backed† money to the government (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). The Federal Reserve is responsible for implementing monetary policies that help regulate the economy. The Federal Reserve conduct’s the nation’s policy by influencing monetary and credit policies. They also supervise and regulate the banks in order to ensure the consistency and safety of the nation’s financial system. Lastly, the Federal Reserve provides financial services to depository institutions, and foreign official institutions. It also plays a major role in the operation of the U.S. payment system (Federal Reserve, 2009). In order to stimulate the economy, the Federal Reserve implements the federal funds, which are the reserve balances that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank. The reason for keeping money at the Federal Reserve Bank is to maintain a strategy that allows for private banks to loan money to one another. This financial market system plays a vital role within the Federal Reserve because it influences the use of monetary policy. This action in turn influences the use of monetary policy and it determines the amount of money that the private banks charge each other for the lending of those federal funds (Federal Reserve, 2009). The Federal Reserve consists of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. These 12 banks distribute banking services to depository institutions and also to the Federal government. These banks are also responsible for maintaining accounts, providing various payment services that include collecting checks, electronically transferring money, and lastly distributing and receiving currency and coin (Federal Reserve, 2009). When it comes to retail, the Federal Reserve provides a series of financial services that deal with wholesale payments. According to Ghatak Sanjers (2007), retail payments are small dollar amounts that include a depository institution’s retail clients, which consist of small and large businesses. Wholesale payments are reserved for large dollar amounts, these depository institutions are typically for large corporations. Monetary policy has a strong influence on the economy when it comes to inflation. In our economy there are two types of inflation, which are monetary inflation and price inflation. Monetary inflation deals with an increase in the money supply. Price inflation deals with the steady increases of the level prices, which in turn determines the value and purchasing power of money (Steele, 2008). If there is a fast increase in money and credit over a certain period of months, it will usually result in price inflation. According to Ghatak Sanjers (2007), when it comes to price inflation a dollar buys less and less over time. Monetary and price inflation can have a negative impact on the economy. Lenders lose money because the value of a dollar isn’t worth as much, businesses struggle with projecting future plans and, in turn lead to decrease in projects. Mortgage companies really suffer from inflation, because monetary inflation increases long-term interest rates (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). Those long-term interest rates typically leads to a decrease in consumer spending because people are less likely to make major purchases such as homes and cars, b ecause of high interest rates. The overall goal of implementing monetary policy within the U.S. economy is raising or lowering interest rates based on the demand for goods and services (Steele, 2008). Changes with interest rates affect the demand for goods and services by determining borrowing costs, the availability of loans, the income of households, and foreign exchange rates. Long term interest rates are a reflection of the financial markets expectations of what the federal government will do in the future (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). When it comes to the concern of inflation the financial markets add a risk premium to long-term rates, which in turn will make interest rates higher. If there is a decrease in interest rates, the cost of borrowing is lower, which is good for business growth. It is also good for economic growth, because it leads to an increase of supply and demand. Another result of lower rates is valuable bonds and higher stock prices. Individuals, who have stock that is valued high, are more likely to spend more, and businesses are more willing to invest. Monetary policy affects inflation by the demand to enforce labor and capital markets beyond their abilities (Federal Reserve, 2009). If the monetary policy is persistent with maintaining low short-term rates there will be an increase in interest rates, which in turn could deter spending. So in order to deal with inflation, the goal is to decrease the money supply in the economy. Reduction of excess money would lead to a decrease in aggregate demand, and would help reduce the level of price inflation (Ghatak Sanjers, 2009). Monetary policy also plays a critical role on employment and the labor market. The federal government structures the labor market through paying unemployment insurance benefits, determining the minimum wage, raising or lowering income taxes, and lastly setting the rules and guidelines for labor unions to operate. Also employment, is influenced by government investment and the infrastructure, this includes schools, roads, and parks. These places have an effect on the amount of money paid to the labor force. The government’s monetary policy has an effect on the cost and availability of money and credit through the demand for labor. When there are high levels of unemployment, the Federal government must be consistent in order to ensure the demand for money is growing fast enough (Ghatak Sanjers, 2009). One strategy for the government is to try to lower the unemployment rate by stimulating the growth of the money supply. An outcome of this strategy could possibly be a boos t in economic activity, but it doesn’t stabilize the rate for high unemployment. Even though bringing more money into the economy sounds like a legitimate reason to help a weakening economy, though it doesn’t mean it is a reasonable cure. Higher wages and prices could mean an unreasonable change in economic growth, which in turn can lead to inflation and businesses could stop hiring (Steele, 2008). By the federal government establishing the monetary policy, they are constantly looking for ways to keep the unemployment and inflation levels low. When there is a steady economy, reducing doubt in the marketplace is crucial for companies and its workers. This way more businesses and investment decisions can be made, which can lead to the hiring of more employees. Having stability allows the economy to grow and produce at high levels. Currently, the nation’s unemployment rate is at 9.8 percent. According to The Financial Pipeline (2009), many Americans have become frustrated when it comes to looking for work. In the U.S. employers cut 263,000 jobs last month and there were more than 200,000 layoffs for the month of August. Since the recession began there has been a loss of more than 7.2 million jobs. Those numbers are terribly high, and could possibly get worse. The high loss of jobs will affect consumer spending negatively. In order for the unemployment rate to improve, the industries of renewable energy, healthcare, and construction will have to experience a steady rate of growth (Ghatak Sanjers, 2009). Overall, in order to have a balance of a healthy economy and steady employment there has to be a steady pace of revenue, strong interest rates, and economic growth. The monetary policy is a reflection of the government’s ideal of regulation and trade within the economy. References Federal Reserve. (2009). Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Retrieved from www.frbsf.org Ghatak, S., Sanjers, W. (2007). Monetary policy rules in transition economies: the impact of ambiguity. International Journal of Development Issues, 6(1), 50-55. doi:Cengage Learning Steele, D. (2008). The alliance takes on the reserve bank and its effect on jobs. Monetary Policy and Employment. Retrieved from www.jobsletter.org.nz/jbl08410.htm The Financial Pipeline. (2009). Monetary Policy. Retrieved from www.finpipe.com Research Papers on Macroeconomic Impact on Business OperationsTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic Engineering

Mass Media and Its Influence on Public Opinion Essay

Mass Media and Its Influence on Public Opinion - Essay Example This project analyzes how mass media manages to both observe and influence public opinion as it relates to consumer-based and politically-based advertising. Mass Media Industry Social changes occurring across the world have radically changed how information sources are utilized for learning, entertainment, and knowledge-sharing. Social-based technologies, such as MySpace, YouTube and Facebook are now considered to be moving into the social mainstream, thus providing an excellent opportunity for opinion leaders to spread their personalized messages. â€Å"Wherever people are online, they are actively engaged in a wide variety of social media platforms, from blogs to social networking to video sharing† (Smith, 2009, p.559). Social media over the Internet is a significant revolution from traditional information sources such as newspaper and television as it relates to lifestyle and allows for evolution of thought from a variety of demographics. This is why this form of media is b ecoming more and more valuable to opinion leaders as it maintains the ability to reach a wide variety of consumers to present different advertising schemes and concepts. The content of messages now have changed with the use of mass media when considering social media outlets as it no longer has to be targeted to just one specific demographic, such as newspapers like the Wall Street Journal which is targeted to those who invest in stocks and bonds. It can be directed toward a global community, as a means to influence and persuade others to accept a particular advertising message. The electronic format of this type of media also allows for rapid changing of the message by the opinion leaders as a means to shift delivery in the event of changing social needs or beliefs across the world. In order to explore the issue more effectively, one should take into consideration the concepts of advertising in order to better understand the observational methods of those delivering the advertising content over mass media sources and how it manages to influence opinion of the community. Marketers have a strategy to ensure competitiveness of their products and also to maintain a competitive edge over other businesses that sell similar products or concepts and services. This strategy is referred to as positioning, which is â€Å"owning a place in the mind of a consumer. By understanding how a mind works, marketers can use it to their advantage and successfully drive demand for their products† (Trout, 2008, p.2). Marketers understand that there must be some element about their products or advertising strategy that is unique to all other competition and they rely on the ability to persuade consumers to accept and adopt their intended messaging. They do this by relating information to the individual’s lifestyle and then select a particular, very biased message that will be delivered to their specific target group. Now that the fundamentals of advertising messaging ha ve been understand as it relates to changing the mind-set of buyers, it can be explored how observation and influence occur as a product of this advertising strategy. In earlier years, marketers used traditional forms of mass media to deliver a singular, streamlined message that was not easily transformed or updated as it was generally in print. Today, with concentrated growth in the Internet, public opinion leaders can now create new,

Life Stressors Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life Stressors Journal - Assignment Example This means that the period assessed was packed with high stress levels ( Koocher & Greca, 2011). I was not surprised by my life stressors since I experienced tough times and was always indoors thinking about my stressors. My major stressors were my education; that is, my fees, grades and competition from other students. These stressors greatly impacted my socializing skills forcing me to be a loner. I tried reaching out to friends as my relaxation technique, by creating a good social support system, and it really worked as I realized that a problem shared is half solved. Major health risks associated with distress are; insomnia, bouts of anger, depression, restlessness, tense muscles, and fatigue. The critical point in managing stress is our ability to control how we react to the situation that led to the stress. We are usually so busy living our life that we don’t take time to stop and assess. We should practice the various relaxation techniques for a healthy living (Koocher & Greca,

Rain Water Harvesting As Water Scarcity Solution Environmental Sciences Essay

Rain Water Harvesting As Water Scarcity Solution Environmental Sciences Essay Availability of water is critical for ecosystem health and productivity, ensuring supply of a range of products and services, to benefit human well-being (e.g., GEO4, 2007; MA, 2005). Future pressures from climate change, growing population, rapid land use changes and already degraded water resource quality, may intensify water shortages in specific communities and exacerbate existing environmental and economic concerns (5). Population around the world today depends on the renewable resources of water for their water needs in industrial, agricultural and domestic sectors. But when these are withdrawals are greater than 20% of total renewable resources, water stress often is a limiting factor on development; withdrawals of 40% or more represents high stress. Similarly, water stress may be a problem if a country or region has less than 1,700 m3 yr-1 of water per capita (4). In 1990, approximately one-third of the worlds population lived in countries using more than 20% of their water r esources, and by 2025 about 60% of a larger total would be living in such stressed countries, in the absence of climate change largely because of population growth (6).IPCC in its Third Assessment Report predicts that increase of temperature between 1-2 °C would lead to decrease in water supply in regions already suffering from water scarcity such as the Mediterranean, southern Africa, and arid parts of central and south Asia affecting half a billion people. These areas will be further affected if the temperature increases 2-3  °C (1). With growing number of population belonging to the water stress areas of the world, it has become crucial for humans to find out alternative sources of water, proper management of the given resources and bring in technological changes to improve water use. Though centralized water management systems has a huge impact on our lives today, societies, government and citizens around the world are looking out of alternative resources to augment the available water resources. Rainwater harvesting, as one of such methods, is the accumulating and storing, of rainwater. Depending on local environmental conditions, water harvesting may provide a supplementary supply, an alternative supply or the only feasible improved supply. The current centralized water supply paradigm which is followed in all the cities of the world seems unsustainable and extremely high on energy consumption. In United States, about 4% of the U.S power generation is used for water supply to the population and electricity re presents approximately 75 percent of the cost of municipal water processing and distribution (19) (20). As an alternative paradigm for more sustainable water availability, harvesting rainwater, storing it in tanks, and recharging groundwater may be used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation or to refill aquifers. In rural areas, rainwater can be used to even supplement agricultural income through small horticultural projects and maintaining improved amount of livestock apart from developing the quality of life of rural women in many parts of the world who spends a considerable portion of their day- to- day life in collecting water for drinking and house hold purposes. In just one day, more than 200 million hours of womens time is consumed for the most basic of human needs collecting water for domestic use (21)( I still remember, the distance I used to travel to collect water from nearby reservoirs as kid visiting my village during holidays back in Ind ia). As the civil society is becoming more aware and sensitized regarding its potential, rainwater harvesting can also be scaled up to neighborhood and micro-watershed levels. More than one out of six people lack access to safe drinking water, namely 1.1 billion people, and more than two out of six lack adequate sanitation, namely 2.6 billion people (Estimation for 2002, by the WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004). Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses, tents and local institutions, or from specially prepared areas of ground, can make an important contribution to drinking water. Rainwater systems are simple to construct from inexpensive local materials, and are potentially successful in most habitable locations. Roof rainwater can be of good quality and may not require treatment before consumption. Although some rooftop materials may produce rainwater that is harmful to human health, it can be useful in flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden and washing cars; these uses amount to a significant amount of water used by a typical home. In many parts of the world, households and communities have augmented or substituted their household supplies with ra inwater for reasons of scarcity, salinity, quality of service and for risk substitution. While rainwater may not always provide a full-year round of supply, it enhances water security in the house and generally provides a good quality water. Historical development of rainwater harvesting Water has been important for the development of cultural complexity in human society during the Holocene and earlier (16). Human ancestors have always used aquatic resources to their benefit (18), as we see the earliest association of hominid ancestors with lakes and pools dating back to 6 and 7 m.y. ago (Upper Miocene) from northern Chad, Central Africa(19).Rainwater collection is one of the oldest means of collecting water for domestic purposes. Archaeological excavations document ancient rainwater harvesting in Mesoamerica, the Mediterranean, and the Orient (10). Historically, in Baluchistan (erstwhile India and now in Pakistan), evidence of simple stone-rubble structures for impounding rainwater dates back to the third millennium BC (8). Hundreds of years before the birth of Christ, rainwater collection were already a common technique throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East, used by Egyptians, Palestinians, Iranians, Iraqis, Yemenis, Greeks and Romans(9). In the Negev desert in Israel, tanks for storing runoff from hillsides for both domestic and agricultural purposes have allowed habitation and cultivation in areas with as little as 100mm of rain per year.. Water was collected from roofs and other hard surfaces and stored in underground tanks, or excavated reservoirs (cisterns) with masonry domes (9). In some parts of the Middle East, rainwater was collected from hard surface areas and channeled through vertical shafts to horizontal tunnels (qanars) that in turn led the water to underground reservoirs (22). In addition to the traditional rainwater harvesting techniques found in India, North Africa and the western Mediterranean, there are also examples from Thailand, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and the small islands in the Pacific. In sub-Saharan Africa, the collection of rainwater was (and is) practiced using small containers, in among others, most of Southern Africa, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania. The earliest known evidence of the use of the technology in Africa comes from northern Egypt, where tanks ranging from 200-2000m3 have been used for at least 2000 years many are still operational today (7). Even in Western Europe, historical records show that in many places rainwater was the primary drinking water source for drinking water, the same applies to the Americas and Australia. In all three continents rainwater continues to be an important source for isolated homesteads and farms (11). Rainwater harvesting for domestic water use in modern day Though there is significant evidence of rainwater harvesting in the world historically, it was lost to peoples memory for sometime due to extensive water supply systems which came in place with the urbanization of the world. Potential for rainwater use is wide and there are many ways of capturing the rainwater runoff. In this paper, I would however like to focus more on the domestic usage of rainwater. Alternative sources of domestic water are becoming particularly important in urban areas of the world as urban population is rapidly increasing. Since 1950, the number of people living in urban areas has jumped from 750 million to more than 2.5 billion people. Currently, some 61 million people are added to cities each year through rural to urban migration, natural increase within cities, and the transformation of villages into urban areas(7). Due to the severe challenges of water stress and scarcity issues in the world today, these small stand alone techniques of water supply is becomi ng popular. Urbanization of the world has also changed the way houses are built worldwide and concrete roofing is providing good catchment areas closer to the domestic water users. Plastic and Ferro-cement tanks has also become a good alternative to earthen tanks as reliable, economic and durable means of water cisterns. Rapid urbanization of the cities around the world has also brought forward the faults of the water distribution systems in many parts of the world, especially in the developing countries where people have felt the need to become self sufficient in water supply within their means. As the quality and quantity of ground water is decreasing, rainwater is becoming an alternative source. Urbanization also is bringing together large number of people within smaller areas to live such has flats, apartments, residential complexes etc where rainwater harvesting is becoming a community based approach where the cost of implementation and the benefits are getting shared within th e members of the communities. Rainwater harvesting can be categorized in a number of different ways according to the type of catchment surface used and by implication the scale of activity. Essentially these are either rooftop, ground, or rock with rooftop being most suited to individual household or community water supply, while ground and rock being more geared towards agricultural irrigation. Conceptually, rainwater harvesting catchments can vary in size from the individual house to a river basin Figure Source -http://buildandrebuild.com/rainwater-harvesting-and-you/ Rooftop rainwater harvesting however is a very small percentage of the total rainwater run-off. But as a small scale and domestic activity, this is significant as the production; control and use of these sources are maintained and controlled by domestic users. For arid and semi arid countries, rain-water is often the most readily accessible water source at the community and household level, although distribution of rainfall during the year, and storage necessary for the dry months can provide a problem. Rainwater collected using existing structures has few negative environmental impacts compared to other technologies for water resources development. Rainwater is relatively clean and the quality is usually acceptable for many purposes with little or even no treatment. The physical and chemical properties of rainwater are usually superior to sources of groundwater that may have been subjected to contamination. Rainwater harvesting can co-exist with and provide a good supplement to othe r water sources and utility systems, thus relieving pressure on other water sources. Rainwater harvesting provides a water supply buffer for use in times of emergency or breakdown of the public water supply systems, particularly during natural disasters. Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm drainage load and flooding in city streets. Users of rainwater are usually the owners who operate and manage the catchment system, hence, they are more likely to exercise water conservation because they know how much water is in storage and they will try to prevent the storage tank from drying up.Rainwater harvesting technologies are flexible and can be built to meet almost any requirements. Construction, operation, and maintenance are not labour intensive (7).Rainwater harvesting system also produce beneficial externalities in reducing peak storm water runoff and associated processing cost. Rainwater harvesting as a sustainable water strategy Access of water according to the UN is officially defined as 20 lpd within a 1 km distance from ones dwelling. The UN considers this a minimal standard to which all countries, even low income ones, can aspire. This definition has been critiqued on two counts: (1) 1 km is a considerable distance, especially when carrying water, which is heavy. For many women and girls, who make up the great proportion of water carriers, fetching the family minimum could require several 1 km trips each way a significant barrier to actual access. (2) Climatic variations are not accounted for in the universal definition of access (15). Rainwater harvesting can significantly address this issue and become a sustainable water source across the climatic condition if the management systems are robust and the water collected can be channelized to recharge groundwater. For example, Jordan faces a huge water crisis. Results of a study show that a maximum of 15.5 Mm3/y of rainwater can be collected from roofs of residential buildings provided that all surfaces are used and all rain falling on the surfaces is collected. This is equivalent to 5.6% of the total domestic water supply of the year 2005. The potential for water harvesting varies among the governorates, ranging from 0.023ÃÆ'-106 m3 for the Aqaba governorate to 6.45ÃÆ'-106 m3 for the Amman governorate. The potential for potable water savings was estimated for the 12 governorates, and it ranged from 0.27% to 19.7% (13). Rainwater harvesting can also reduce the dependence on the centralized water supply systems. Mega-Cites worldwide are facing similar challenges of water scarcity and water stress like polluted freshwater resources, overexploited groundwater resources, insufficient or poorly maintained water supply infrastructure systems and insufficient technical and water management capacities (14).Small pockets of water resources within a city are more resilient and can draw on rainwater and groundwater, providing the city with greater flexibility in the face of water shortages, operational failures and natural disasters. History tells us that cultures do not give up until they have exhausted options for survival over the area they occupied for longer period. The Mayan civilization is a case in point, which developed around 3000 years ago in Mesoamerica, and faced recurrent droughts due to solar forcing before it collapsed due to climate deterioration towards the end of the Classic Period. Ancient reservoir technology developed by the Mayan people in the seasonally dry tropics of southern Maya lowlands reveals that rainwater storage was a major source of water supply during the dry season. Reservoirs were constructed, for example, in Tikal to cope with seasonal scarcity of water (16). Rainwater harvesting can also improve the situations of urban flooding. More land area around the world today is getting covered by asphalt and concrete as new roads are laid down to support increasing amount of transport use of urban population. This has lead to the lower seepage of surface water to replenish ground water resources. In the United States alone, pavements and other impervious surfaces cover more than 43,000 square miles-an area nearly the size of Ohio-according to research published in the 15 June 2004 issue of Eos, the newsletter of the American Geophysical Union. Collection of rainwater significantly reduces this stormwater to flow down the sewerage systems of a city. At times, this is effective in controlling urban flooding which happens when too much of water due to precipitation flows down the sewerage system which are not capable of handling the amount does not function properly. Evidences and policies of successful rainwater harvesting around the world- As the world tries out new methods to address the newer problems it face in solving natural resources scarcity issues and which in fact has been a significant factor for human civilization from time immemorial, rainwater harvesting experiments as a source of water is also happening worldwide. Currently there is no US agency that has focus on Rainwater Harvesting and states are rapidly doing their own thing. The H.R. 3598: Energy and Water Research Integration Act which has been passed by the House of Representative in December 2009 which is formulated to to ensure consideration of water intensity in the Department of Energys energy research, development, and demonstration programs to help guarantee efficient, reliable, and sustainable delivery of energy and water resources(32) may promote federal support in rainwater harvesting. Some states of Usa have significantly worked in promoting rainwater harvesting. In October of 2008, the city of Tucson, Arizona became the first municipality in the country to require developers of commercial properties to harvest rainwater for landscaping.   The new measure approved by a unanimous vote by the City Council requires that new developments meet 50% of their landscaping water requirements by capturing rainwater. The new rule went into effect on June 1, 2010. Arizona taxpayers who install a water conservation system after January 1, 2007, and before January 1, 2012, may take a one-time tax credit of 25% of the cost of the system (up to a maximum of $1,000). This can be claimed over multiple tax years, but no taxpayer can receive more than a total of $1000 in credits through this program. Builders are eligible for an income tax credit of up to $200 per residence unit constructed with a water conservation system installed (17). Some government grants in Arizona also have given the scope of funding rainwater harvesting projects within an amount of $5000 (25). The Cincinnati EPA office has instituted a program to give incent ives to homeowners for rain gardens or rain barrels to improve quality/timing of stormwater runoff, rather than promoting a central engineering solution. The City of Austin Water Conservation Program distributes over 250 rain barrels per month to homeowners at a subsidized cost, and provides rebates for the installation of approved cistern systems. Commercial/industrial properties can receive rebates up to $40,000 for the installation of rainwater harvesting and greywater systems. New commercial facilities must install a separate irrigation meter costing between $5,000 and $25,000 unless they can provide 100% of all outdoor water needs from alternate water sources such as rain, grey-water, and air conditioning condensate (26). With Clean River Rewards which is the storm-water utilitys discount program of Portland, helps ratepayers save money and work for clean rivers and healthy watersheds at the same time through storm-water management in individual properties. There is an 100perce nt discount on the onsite storm-water management charges because these actions helps protect the rivers, streams and the groundwater(27).Rainwater harvesting methods are used as sources of water supply in other parts in USA and more and more state governments are coming out to give this method a try. In California, the California Rainwater Capture Act of 2010, would authorize a landowner to install, maintain, and operate, on the landowners property, a rainwater capture system meeting specified requirements. The bill is also known as AB 1834 (35).In California however there is no tax credit given to the people in order to install rainwater harvesting equipments. In New Mexico however there is no mandatory law to install rainwater harvesting in individual houses, but there is a tax credit for NEW Green Buildings, which could include rainwater harvesting. For Build Green New Mexico Gold level, the maximum possible credit is $11,000.00 per house. The North Carolina Department of Environ ment and Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water has implement Community Conservation Assistance Program has created a voluntary incentive based program for promoting rainwater harvesting and awareness generation educational programmes are in place, yet there is no tax incentives in place. Under this program the landowner may be reimbursed up to 75 percent of the pre-established average cost of the BMP (best management practices). Included in this program are Rainwater Harvesting Systems (36) (37) (38). Around the world, rain water harvesting has many success stories. In Singapore, rainwater harvesting is growing as rapid urbanization is inducing rapid water demand. In Changi Airport, rainwater is collected from the runways which are used primarily for non-potable functions such fire-fighting drills and toilet flushing. Such collected and treated water accounts for 28 to 33% of the total water used, resulting in savings of approximately S$ 390,000 per annum. In India, direct recharge of rainwater into the ground (40) resulted in groundwater level increases of up to 5 to 10 metres in just two years. Water scarcity problems in Indonesia, has made government introduce a regulation requiring that all buildings have an infiltration well. The regulation applies to two-thirds of the territory, including the Special Province of Yogyakarta, the Capital Special Province of Jakarta, West Java and Central Java Province. It was estimated that if each house in Java and Madura had its own infiltra tion well, the water deficit of 53% by the year of 2000 would be reduced to 37%, which translates into a net savings of 16% through conservation. UNICEF is working with communities in Alor in Indonesia and the communities has a very positive response towards this effort (39).In Tokyo, Japan rainwater and reclaimed waste water is used to address water demand in emergency cases. There are 850 facilities for rainwater use in Tokyo. Since reclaimed wastewater use has several benefits, a huge water volume has been utilized for various purposes such as washing; water-cooling, toilet flushing, waterway restoration and creation of recreational waterfront (30).There are many case studies and success stories, feasibility studies on rainwater harvesting methods and uses in the world today. An exhaustive list of all of them is beyond the scope of this paper. International organization for promoting sustainable environmental strategies like UNEP are growingly focusing on this method as to cater water needs of communities to attain the objectives of Millennium Development Goals. Poorer countries in Africa and Asia are experimenting on harvesting rainwater for various human uses for a long time now in order to answer some of the persistent water problems plaguing human lives in these continents. Evaluation of rainwater harvesting as a water resource- As rainwater harvesting is emerging in many regions of the world as a sustainable means of addressing short term and long term water scarcity, it is critical to understand the robustness of the system. Purity of rain water is in question when there are instances of acid rain all around the world. Growing air pollution in urban areas also pollute the rain before it falls and therefore rainwater harvesting requires treatment mechanism to make the water fit for human consumption. Rainfall intensity and the number of dry days preceding a rainfall event significantly affects the quality of run-off water from the catchment systems. Presence of fecal coli form and other microbiological contaminants, zinc concentration due to the material used in roofing are some of the shortfalls of rainwater harvesting (41). Household water management practices where rainwater is used as non-potable household use and the limited water supplied by the central water service system as potable water source can be a good alternative. Newer technological developments can easily solve these problems of contaminants in rainwater though it may significantly increase the cost of the water. Household level water catchment areas are often small and it is increasingly smaller when we think of urban areas. Moreover, as people around the world prefer to stay apartments, access to individual roofs for each water consumer is impossible. But this also gives the scope of community involvement and shares the cost. Small involvements like managing a rainwater catchment in a building can bring in greater differences in how people think about the water availability. It becomes educational and it brings in awareness which translates in how we look towards the way we use water in our daily lives. People understands solutions of the problems they face better than analysis of their problem, when solutions are within their reach, they implement them. In the evolution of human civilization, it can be studied tha t humans have addressed their needs in small measures which together as brought in changes in they we live out life today. Popularizing rainwater harvesting requires significant push by the governmental institution. Water till date is used as a free good in many parts of the world and people generally do not have the mental set up to invest for water services and thinks that it is the responsibility of the government. Interestingly in some states of USA like Utah, Colorado and Washington, catching rain water was against the law as it reduces the water catchment area for downstream users if water is taken in up stream. Rainwater harvesting was possible in these states if the individual user goes through the process of gaining a state water right. With the growing problems of water scarcity in these regions, governments are slowly taken small yet bold steps in legalizing rain water harvesting by domestic users. Colorado is taking baby steps towards legalizing rainwater collection. Senate Bill 80 was signed by the Governor on 4/22/09 and becomes law on July 1, 2009. It allows rural catchment (Senate Bill 80 ), but still has some hurdles for those that want to move forward (42). The Department of Ecology of the State of Washington, on October 12, 2009 issued an Interpretive Policy Statement clarifying that a water right is not required for rooftop rainwater harvesting (43).  In Utah, the state passed Senate Bill 32 in 2010 which permits rainwater catchment for maximum capacity of no more than 2,500 gallons. There are several other restrictions, but the state engineer must grant the permit if all the conditions are met. In countries, around the world especially India and China which are experiencing rapid industrial developments, rainwater harvesting is also becoming a feasible policy advice. In the 11 Five Year Plan of the Government of India, rainwater harvesting is taken into consideration where sources of groundwater are limited. The plan stress that restoration and building of tanks and other water bodies along with rainwater harvesting structures for recharge and for direct colle ction at community and household levels constitute an attractive option. The Central Government should support the states for tapping the maximum external assistance for this purpose, a part of the assistance could be shared by the Centre as decided in the case of the external assisted Water Bodies Restoration Programme wherein 25% grant of the project cost is passed on to the states (45). The Water law of the Peoples Republic of China was promulgated on Oct.1 2002, This is the law concerning the water resources in a national scope, which pointed out definitely: the national government encourages citizens to use rainwater and tiny salt water for the purposes of harvesting, exploitation and utilization in regions short of water resources.(46) For promoting the development of rainwater utilization, the National Construction Department announced the Chinese ecosystem residence technique valuation manual in 2001 and updated it three times in the following three years, each edition formu lating content about rain water utilization (47).